Forest Decline and Air Pollution

Inhaltsangabe1 Introduction: The Problem of Forest Decline and the Bavarian Forest Toxicology Research Group.- 2 The Vegetation of the Fichtelgebirge: Origin, Site Conditions, and Present Status.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Vegetation History.- 3 Natural Forest Vegetations.- 4 Present Forest Vegetation.- 5 Vegetation of Raised Bogs.- 6 Vegetation of Boulder Streams and Summit Rocks.- 7 Water Plants and Acidic Swamp Vegetation.- 8 Vegetation of Farmland.- 9 Conclusion.- References.- 3 Potentials and Limitations of Field Studies on Forest Decline Associated with Anthropogenic Pollution.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Defining Forest Decline.- 3 Inference of Causality.- 3.1 The Inductive Approach.- 3.2 The Deductive Approach.- 3.3 The Integrated Approach.- 4 The Study of a Decline in the Fichtelgebirge - a First Step in an Integrated Approach.- 5 Conclusion.- References.- 1: Air Pollution: Transport and Deposition: Preface.- 1-A Long-Range Transport and Deposition of Pollutants in the Fichtelgebirge.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Basic Equations for the Time-Dependent Prediction of Pollutant Transport in the Atmosphere.- 2.1 The Meteorological Model.- 2.1.1 Equations of Motion.- 2.1.2 The Parameterization of Turbulence.- 2.2 The Transport Equation.- 3 Two-Dimensional Prediction of Pollutant Transport.- 3.1 General Outline of the Experiments.- 3.2 Discussion of Results.- 3.2.1 Idealized Topography.- 3.2.2 Structured Topography.- 4 Three-Dimensional Predictions of Pollutant Transport.- 5 Conclusions.- Appendix I.- Appendix II.- References.- 1-B Air Pollution and Deposition.- 1 Introduction.- 2 General Geographical and Climatological Description of the Observation Areas.- 3 Gaseous and Particulate Atmospheric Pollutants and Atmospheric Conditions.- 3.1 Basic Immission Data.- 3.2 Some Selected Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants.- 4 Chemical Composition of Precipitation and Fogwater.- 4.1 Properties of Selected Precipitation Samples.- 4.2 Results of Time-Resolved, On-Line Monitoring of the pH Value and the Electrical Conductivity of Precipitation.- 4.3 Collection and Properties of Fog.- 4.4 Deposition of Fogwater upon a Spruce.- 5 Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide in Precipitation and Fogwater.- 6 Comparison of Bulk Precipitation Water and Fogwater Data from Surrounding and Remote Areas.- 6.1 Bulk Deposition Studies in the Catchment "Große Ohe".- 6.2 Comparison of Representative Data of Different Regions.- 7 Comments and Conclusions.- References.- 2: The Role of Fungi, Microorganisms and Soil Animals: Preface.- 2-A Soil Fungi and Other Microorganisms.- 1 Introduction: Aluminum and the Possible Effects of Microorganisms.- 2 The Effect of Aluminum and Heavy Metals on the Mycorrhizal Fungus Suillus variegates.- 2.1 Influence of Aluminum and Heavy Metals on Growth.- 2.2 Element Contents in the Presence of Lead and Aluminum.- 3 Mycorrhizal Flora of Two Forest Locations.- 4 Conclusion.- References.- 2-B Endophytic Needle Fungi: Culture, Ultrastructural and Immunocytochemical Studies.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Electron Microscopy of Needle Fungi.- 2.1 Isolation of Internal Fungi.- 2.2 Lophodermium piceae-Antiserum and Antibody Conjugates.- 2.3 Electron Microscopy.- 2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).- 2.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).- 3 Needle Colonization by Fungi.- 3.1 The Isolation of Fungi from Green, Symptomless Needles.- 3.2 The Isolation of Fungi from Needles Showing Disease Symptoms.- 3.3 Observation of Needle Fungi at the Cellular Level.- 4 Needle Fungi and Forest Decline.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- 2-C Soil Fauna Comparisons in Healthy and Declining Norway Spruce Stands.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sampling Procedure and Site Description.- 3 Species Composition and Density of Healthy and Declining Norway Spruce Stands.- 3.1 Macrosaprophagous Invertebrates.- 3.2 Microphytophagous - Saprophagous Invertebrates.- 3.2.1 Enchytraeidae.- 3.2.2 Acari-Cryptostigmata.- 3.2.3 Collembola.- 3.2.4 Symphyla - Protura.- 3.2.5 Diptera.- 3.3 Omnivorous Invertebrates.- 3.4 P